
Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) as well as military commander during the US Civil War (1861–1865). Under Grant's command, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and ended the Confederate States of America.
Grant was at the center of one of the most blatant anti-Jewish actions in American history when he issued General Order No. 11 on December 17, 1862. It was an instruction for the expulsion of all Jews in his military district that comprised areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. The order was issued as part of a campaign against a black market in Southern cotton, which Grant thought was being run "mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders".